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Q1: Provide some examples of different types of energy rates and demand charges in use in the US. Need to complete the question in 500 words and MLA referencingSee Answer
Q2:Impact of power plant discharge on lake temperature Aquatic life is sensitive to water temperature. This lab involves under- standing the impact of cooling water discharge from a power plant into a nearby lake on the lake temperature, as shown in Figure 1. It will make use of mass and energy balances to predict lake temperature as a function of time, which will be solved for numerically. Problem information The upstream (inflow) temperature is Tup = 18 °C, and it is constant at a flow rate of Qup=360,000 m³/h. The power plant discharge tempera- ture is at Tais = 40 °C, and it has a variable flow rate, Qas (m³/h), based on generation of 100 m³/h/MW of electricity generation. The flow out of the lake, Que (m³/h), is assumed as the sum of the upstream and dis- charge flow in this problem, and the lake temperature, Tuke (°C), is as- sumed the same as the outflow. power plant Quis T'dis lake zone Qup Tup {] Quake Tlake The demand of the power plant (MW) by hour of day is given as an Excel sheet on BBLearn, for you to use to calculate flows. For a given volume of lake (either 105 or 10 m³), calculate the lake temperature over that given day. You should gen- erate a figure that displays: Hour of day (0 to 24), on x-axis • Time varying solution using the Euler method with the two volumes (V1 and V2), on y-axis 1 Steady state solution (does not require the volume), on y-axis 1 • • MW demand in power plant, on y-axis 2 Solution procedure 1. Define open system (lake volume with mass inflows and outflow). Specify steady-state inflow and outflow rates, time-dependent inflow and outflow temperatures. Your unknown is the lake temperature. The lake temperature is assumed the same as the outflow temperature. 2. Write open system mass (steady-state) and energy (rate form) balance equations. 3. Relate terms in energy balance equation to unknown lake temperature and other inputs. 4. Specify inputs, flow properties, etc. and solve energy balance equation for unknown lake temperature, both from a time-varying and steady-state perspective (using Excel). For the Euler method, use the time step of the MW power change in the associated file (0.25 h). Deliverable Turn in a report that outlines the problem to be solved, your solution method (using Equation Editor in MS Word), the plot of your solution, and a discussion of the behavior shown on the plot. (An example plot is shown in the lecture notes for this section on BBLearn.)See Answer
Q3:Solution procedure Using the annual heat equation discussed in lecture (Qheat_dot = Ktot/n(HDD)), for each variation (Reference and ECM 1-4), calculate (i) the contribution of each component to the total Ktot (wall, roof, windows, and air), (ii) the energy used annually (in GJ/y and $/y), as well as (iii) the simple payback time (which equals the total implementation cost divided by the annual $ energy savings). Deliverable Turn in a report that outlines the problem to be solved, your solution method (using Equation Editor in MS Word), the plot and table of your solution, and a discussion of results. The required plots and tables are shown in the associated lecture notes. Be sure to recommend what ECM the client should implement.See Answer
Q4:2. Project Description The primary objective of the project is to understand the environmental impacts of various energy systems through "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)" as a tool to provide support for informed decision- making to stakeholders, policymakers, or industries. The project will be carried out in groups (3 members). Each group will be assigned a case study on future energy systems and the students will employ LCA to analyze the topic based on clear performance indicator. The students will deliver a presentation to discuss the topic in front of other students. Each group will select one project topic from a pool of following topics: 1. Perform a Life Cycle Assessment of 'Solar Energy Application' in Kuwait 2. Perform a Life Cycle Assessment of 'Solar Energy Application' in Europe 3. Perform a Life Cycle Assessment of 'Solar Energy Application' in GCC region 4. Perform a Life Cycle Assessment of 'Wind Energy Application' in Kuwait 5. Perform a Life Cycle Assessment of 'Wind Energy Application' in Europe 6. Perform a Life Cycle Assessment of 'Wind Energy Application' in GCC region 7. Perform a Life Cycle Assessment of 'Biomass Energy Application' in Europe 8. Perform a Life Cycle Assessment of 'Dairy Food Production and Distribution' in Kuwait 9. Perform a Life Cycle Assessment of 'Dairy Food Production and Distribution' in Europe 10. Perform a Life Cycle Assessment of 'Dairy Food Production and Distribution' in GCC region 11. Perform a Life Cycle Assessment of 'Municipal Solid Waste Management' in KuwaitSee Answer
Q5: Lesson 11 Discussion A Post original entry: In this lesson, we covered PV systems monitoring concepts. Based on previous discussions, we learned that PV systems classification can include more specific market sector, such as: 1. Solar installation for rural off-grid application 2. Residential rooftop for grid-tied application 3. Utility Scale PV installations 4. Shared solar for communities 22 34 Based on the monitoring methods presented in the lesson, discuss which approach is more suitable for your systems. Support your choice of monitoring level with facts and references. Post comments: Respond to two different opinions of others' posts. (For example, if you choose Option 1, you need to respond to one post for Option 2 and another post for Option 3 or 4.) A Requirements, Submission Instructions, and Grading For more detailed instructions about the discussion component of this course, including how you will be graded, please visit the Discussion Activity page. Reid Wesleigh Wagner Wednesday ⠀ For utility scale PV installations, the size of the system can vary greatly. In NY, a large generator is greater than 20 MW; although, a small generator < 20 MW that can still elect to go through NYISO process for interconnection. As the lesson mentions, monitoring at the inverter or array level may be significantly more economical for larger systems than down at the string or module level. I believe having a robust O&M plan and monitoring platform is important for all systems, but the investment dollars. and stakes are higher for larger utility scale systems. Therefore, being able to monitor the system's performance against expectations, as well as, quickly 'diagnosing and remedying issues can increase profitability over the lifetime of a project. One article the website of 60Hertz (manufacturer of Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) software), mentions some interesting technological developments in the monitoring space. For large PV installations, there are platforms to augment SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. Companies like Quadrical IA, Apollo Energy Analytics, Solar SCADA, and Spark Cognition, are all using Al and machine learning to monitor performance and detect anomalies. Although, it also states routine (at least annual) visits by the field technician(s) are still a critical element. Newer tools like drones and thermal cameras are available to detect irregularities that might otherwise be missed [1]. The DOE also has a resource page on PV monitoring which covers many of the different components and best practices for monitoring PV systems. While many of the features listed would be what I might expect from a monitoring system (performance analysis and reporting, errors/alarms, issue/maintenance tracking and ticket creation, and generating project documents) others like being able to sync with utility or real-time market data to generate revenue and/or cost savings data or reporting required documentation directly to the transmission owner/utility or ISO/RTO would be great features as well. Under the best practices section, maintaining "operational continuity" with data harkun and retrieval and cybersecurity PV installations, there are platforms to augment SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. Companies like Quadrical IA, Apollo Energy Analytics, Solar SCADA, and Spark Cognition, are all using Al and machine learning to monitor performance and detect anomalies. Although, it also states routine (at least annual) visits by the field technician(s) are still a critical element. Newer tools like drones and thermal cameras are available to detect irregularities that might otherwise be missed [1]. The DOE also has a resource page on PV monitoring which covers many of the different components and best practices for monitoring PV systems. While many of the features listed would be what I might expect from a monitoring system (performance analysis and reporting, errors/alarms, issue/maintenance tracking and ticket creation, and generating project documents) others like being able to sync with utility or real-time market data to generate revenue and/or cost savings data or reporting required documentation directly to the transmission owner/utility or ISO/RTO would be great features as well. Under the best practices section, maintaining "operational continuity" with data backup and retrieval and cybersecurity would be critical elements that didn't initially come to mind [2]. While O&M and system monitoring might not be as exciting to some people as project development and construction, it is area that I find interesting and critical to ensuring the system performs to the best extent possible over the lifetime of the project. References [1] 60Hertz. (ND). What to Know About These Solar Monitoring Systems. 60Hertz. https://60hertzenergy.com/smar-panel-monitoring-system/ [2] Federal Energy Management Program. (ND). Monitoring Platforms for Solar Photovoltaic Systems. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/femp/monitoring-platforms-solar-photovoltaic- systems E Alvaro Acosta Urrea Yesterday For a shared solar system serving multiple customers/off-takers in a community, it is very important to have a granular but simple monitoring scheme. The Array monitoring may be a very compelling choice due to several factors like granularity since the array monitoring provide more detailed insights than inverter monitoring without the difficulty of monitoring each module individually. Array monitoring can also help to identify systemic issues that affect multiple modules of strings which is important in shared solar projects which often involve arrays distributed across different locations. On the other hand due to the granularity of array monitoring it provides good information without excessive, costs. The Community Solar Array at the University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego) is a 1.2-megawatt (MW) solar photovoltaic (PV) array that is located on the university's campus. The array is owned and operated by Recurrent Energy, a solar energy developer, and it generates enough electricity to power about 200 homes. This project has an array monitoring system that monitors the performance of each individual string of solar panels. This data is used to identify any problems with the panels and to ensure that they are all operating efficiently. There is also a weather station that measures temperature, humidity, wind speed, and direction, and this data is used to predict how much electricity the array will generate. The power meter measures the amount of electricity that the array is generating. This data is used to track the array's performance and to ensure. that it is operating efficiently [1] SMA "Monitoring and Control" https://www.sma- solar.com/us/products/monitoring-control/E [2] "The IQ8 series Microinverter" https://enphase.com/homeowners/home-solar-systems Working with a residential rooftop grid tied system a module and inverter level monitoring system would be the most beneficial. This would allow for visibility into the most problematic components in the systems life time operations. Some platforms like Solar Edge allow for both of these monitoring needs to be deployed in the same system platform. As well as the ability to monitor the system at the strings. The PV monitoring platform provides enhanced PV performance monitoring and yield assurance through immediate fault detection and alerts at the module level, string level and system level. [1] Having the ability to see in depth data on the various components in your system allows for more remote troubleshooting. Which in turn would lower operation and maintenance costs throughout the life of the system. The solar Edge platform also doesn't require extra components to monitor these data points and is housed in the internal workings of the inverter. Overall, each level of monitoring mentioned in the lesson would be beneficial to the residential rooftop system and would be the most cost effective through the Solar Edge configuration. Simon George Ivey Sunday [1] https://www.solaredge.com/uk/products/pv-monitoring Reply 3See Answer
Q6:1. (25 points) An electric bicycle is being designed to travel at 13 mph for 45 miles. We estimate the total weight of the bicycle and rider, the rolling resistance coefficient for the tires, the frontal area, and the drag coefficient for the bicycle. From these estimates we find that the total power required for the bicycle is given by the equation below: Total Power = (6.03 V + .027 V² + .048 V³) Watts (Where the speed V is in mph) a. If the rider uses only electric power, how much battery capacity is required to travel at 13 mph for 45 miles? (express your answer in watt-hrs) Assume that the electric motor and drive is 85% efficient in converting the energy in the battery to mechanical energy. b. Assume lithium-ion batteries provide 42 watt-hrs of energy storage per pound of battery, and the cost is $12.00 per pound. Lead-acid batteries provide 21 wat-hrs of energy storage per pound, and the cost is $2.00 per pound. (1) Calculate the weight and cost of using lithium-ion batteries. (2) Calculate the weight and cost of using lead-acid batteries. (3) If you were going to ride this bicycle and have to pay for it, which type of battery system would you choose?/nc. If the rider adds 60 watts power pedaling in addition to energy in the battery, how far can be traveled at 13 mph before the battery is depleted? Assume the chain drive for the bicycle is 100% efficient. 2. (25 points) You are designing a flat bed electric utility vehicle to be used in a manufacturing plant. The vehicle will have space for a driver and one passenger and is capable of hauling up to 600 lb payload on the bed. The maximum total weight for the vehicle is 2000 lb. The rolling coefficient for the tires is 0.018 and the aerodynamic drag is negligible for this vehicle. The electric motor is 85% efficient and the drive system connecting the motor to the wheels is 92% efficient. In making deliveries between two of the buildings the vehicle will need to be able to climb a 6% grade at a minimum speed of 5 mph. Parameter Summary: Total weight 2000 pounds, Crr = 0.018 Aerodynamic drag is negligible. Maximum grade is 6%. Electric motor is 85% efficient. Drive system is 92% efficient. a. Calculate the total power the batteries must provide to the electric motor to push the vehicle along on level ground at 8 mph. Provide your answer in watts./nb. We would like to be able to use the vehicle all day without charging it. Assume that the vehicle will be operating 50% of the time during a 10 hour shift, and the average power draw when operating is equal to moving the vehicle along on level ground at 8 mph. Calculate the minimum energy storage required in the batteries. Provide your answer in watt-hrs. At 48 watt-hr/lb for lithium-iron phosphate batteries, what is the weight of the battery pack? Provide your answer in lb. c. Calculate the power the electric motor must provide to push the vehicle (fully loaded) up a 6% grade at 5 mph. Provide your answer in watts. 3. (25 points) A small hybrid car has a total weight of 3300 lbs. The rolling resistance coefficient for the tires is 0.009, the frontal area is 1.47 square meters and the drag coefficient is 0.29. The transmission and drive system is 91% efficient in transmitting the engine power to the wheels. The fuel economy of the car is 62 mpg when driving on the highway at 70 mph. 1. Calculate the average power the engine must provide to push the car along at 70 mph. Assume level ground and constant speed for this calculation. Express your answer in watts./n2. Assuming the car gets 62 mpg at 70 mph, calculate the fuel consumption in gallons per hour (gph). 3. Assuming that the vehicle burns the 10% ethanol blend gasoline which has 121,000 BTU per gallon, calculate the fuel consumption (or fuel power) in watts. (watt = 3.412 BTU/hr) 4. Using the calculations above, calculate the average thermal efficiency of the engine when cruising on the highway at 70 mph./n4. (25 points) Assume a 230 ton engine is pulling 25 cars that weigh 110 tons each at 58 mph for 1200 miles. The average rolling resistance coefficient is 0.005 for the train. The diesel locomotive is 33% efficient in converting the energy in the diesel fuel into useful energy to power the train. Assume 138,700 BTU/gallon energy density for the fuel. To estimate aerodynamic drag, assume that the engine and each car adds a drag area of A = 6 m² with a drag coefficient of Cd = 0.50. (hp = 2545 BTU/hr) a. Calculate Total Weight of the train. Express your answer in pounds. (ton 2000 lb) CSX b. Calculate the rolling resistance power required. Express your answer in hp. c. Calculate the aerodynamic power required. Express your answer in hp. d. Calculate the fuel consumption of the train traveling on level ground. Express your answer in gallons per hour (gph). (Assume the fuel has 138,700 BTU/gallon)/ne. Calculate the time required for the 1200 mile trip (in hours) and the amount of fuel consumed (in gallons). 5. (25 points) A jet airplane cruises at 520 mph. The mass of the jet airplane is 71,000 kg. The glide ratio for the jet when traveling at cruising speed is 18.0. The density of the fuel is 2.88 kg per gallon. Assume that the jet engines have a thermal efficiency of 35%, and that the engines use 90 kg of air for each kg of fuel. The energy density of the fuel is 46.6 MJ/kg. a. Estimate the drag force on the jet when cruising. b. Calculate the velocity of the gasses exiting the jet engine, relative to the aircraft (Ve). c. Calculate the required mass flow rate of fuel to the engines to generate enough thrust to equal the drag force. d. Assuming that the aircraft is carrying 150 passengers, calculate the passenger miles per gallon. Assume the density of the fuel is 3.0 kg/gallon./n6. (25 points) According to the Department of Energy, the USA uses approximately 37.7 Quads of primary energy in producing electricity each year, and produces 13.3 Quads of electricity. The mix of power plants produces a total of 1584 million metric tons of carbon dioxide each year. (Quad = 1015 BTU) (KWH = 3412 BTU) (metric ton is 1000 kg) a. Calculate the number of grams of carbon dioxide produced for each KWH of electricity produced. b. The Nissan Ariya Kona has a range of 216 miles with a 91 KWH battery system. If the cars are sold throughout the USA, then on average the electricity used to power the car will have the carbon footprint calculated in (a) above. Using that number, what is the carbon footprint of the car in grams of carbon dioxide per mile traveled?/n7. (25 points) We are using a fuel that has an average chemical composition of C6H12 and which has an energy density of 47 MJ/kg. Assume the atomic mass is 12 for Carbon, 1 for Hydrogen and 16 for Oxygen. (BTU = 1055 J) a. Draw the C5H10 molecule below. (There are many correct possibilities, choose one of them.) b. Write the chemistry formula for complete combustion of the fuel. c. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide generated by burning one kg of the fuel. Express your answer in kg.See Answer

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