2. How does the genetic evidence back up the story of the evolution of the finches?

3. Describe the method of uptake and utilization of the elements of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in a plant on the Manitoba prairies. Include a discussion about the plant structures involved in internal transportation and utilization of elements. (3 points)

1. Despicable as his character was, it was hard not to applaud as Deakins (played by John Travolta) shut Pritchett up. Specifically, which part of Pritchett's respiratory tract did he crush?

1. The conducting structures are protected from collapsing during inhalation, but the alveoli are at risk of collapsing at the end of exhalation, even in the dry desert. Explain the force that could cause the wet surfaces of the alveoli to stick together, especially at the end of a long vocal outburst, like yelling or crying.

1. Explain which measurements can be taken to assess the lung capacity of an individual. Which conclusions can be drawn from knowing the inspiratory reserve volume and the expiratory reservevolume?

1. What function do alveolar macrophages serve? What would happen to the respiration of an individualwho has a decreased number of alveolar macrophages due to an immune disorder?

1. What function do alveolar macrophages serve? What would happen to the respiration of an individualwho has a decreased number of alveolar macrophages due to an immune disorder?

Genes and Mutations that Contribute to the Development of Cancer Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that contribute to normal stimulation of cell division needed for growth and repair. The different types of proteins are underlined in the flow chart below. Growth factors bind to growth factor receptors → activate series of signaling enzymes → activate protein transcription factors → increased transcription of genes that code for proteins that stimulate cell division → increased cell division = cell proliferation Growth factor Receptor- Cell nucleus Normal Growth-Control Pathway Signaling enzymes Transcription factors DNA Cell proliferation (Figure from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20362) An oncogene is a mutated proto-oncogene which codes for an abnormal protein that stimulates excessive cell division and thus can contribute to the formation of a tumor. One type of tumor suppressor gene codes for proteins that inhibit cell division, e.g., by interfering with one of the proteins that stimulate cell division. If both copies of a tumor suppressor gene are mutated and code for inactive proteins, this eliminates one of the inhibitory controls on cell division, which can result in excessive cell division and the formation of a tumor./nThe development of an invasive or malignant cancer typically requires the accumulation of at least five mutations in the same cell line, including: mutations of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes mutations of tumor suppressor genes so they code for inactive proteins other types of mutations that contribute to the varied abnormal characteristics of cancer cells./n3. Why do all of us need to have proto-oncogenes in the DNA of our cells? What would go wrong if our cells had mutated proto-oncogenes that coded for inactive proteins? (5 pts)

Word Relationships Routine 1. With a partner, use the words on the Word Relationships Cards to create sentences that answer the Chapter 1 Question: How small are the microorganisms that live on and in the human body? 2. Use at least two words from the Word Relationships Cards in each sentence. You don't have to use all the words. 3. There are many different ways to answer the Chapter 1 Question, so try to create as many sentence responses as you can. You can also use multiple sentences to express your ideas. 4. When you have created your sentences, join another pair of students and share your responses.

(a)Describe the methods used to study protein structure (give a list of methods mentioning the achievable resolution and sample requirements for each method). (b)You are given 100mg of a stable, soluble and pure 500 kDa protein. Which low- and high-resolution techniques would you use to obtain structural information of the protein? Which methods would you not use and why?Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. (c)Why do some proteins crystallize easily while others do not? Focus on the properties of different proteins. (d)Discuss the differences between different amino acids (discuss amino acidgroups and list amino acids belonging to each group). Draw the structures ofarginine and alanine and compare these 2 amino acids.

C. Prokaryotic Cells: Use a toothpick to drop some yogurt onto a microscope slide. Cover the sample with a coverslip and observe right away before the yogurt dries out. Two of the main bacterial types used in making yogurt are Streptococcus thermophilus (chains of spheres) and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (rod- shaped). The bacteria are barely visible using the 40X objective, and most of what you will see on the slide are clumps of casein (milk protein). Starting with the lowest power objective, focus on the casein clumps, then switch to the next highest power objective, and refocus. When you get to 400X total magnification, look for an open space between two thick areas of casein, and look for the tiny bacteria streaming through this space. You might notice the bacteria vibrating a bit as well. It may help to decrease your microscope illumination slightly to see these cells.