AUM American University Of The Middle East AUM Lab Project 1 AUM Academic Projects Fall 2023 Academic Year: 2023-2024 Lab Project Guidelines ME309: Fluid Mechanics Project Title: Aerodynamic numerical analysis

of low speed 2 AUM Academic Projects aircraft airfoil [Project Weight: 10%] Semester: Fall 2023 Academic Year: 2023-2024 COURSE PROJECT TEMPLATE GUIDELINES I. INTRODUCTION Any atmospheric flying objects, ships and aircrafts need to go through various CFD simulations and wind tunnel tests for better design and lift & drag force tests are some of the most important tests that it has to go through. Lift and drag coefficients are two of the primary concerns of these tests. Furthermore, flow over immersed bodies is an important part of fluid mechanics and it has to be experimentally experienced and visualized to validate numerical results. So wind tunnel experiments become very important. However, wind tunnel testing is expensive. And only a few educational Institutions have wind tunnels with an accurate force measurement. Figure 1: Airfoil in wind tunnel testing AUM Academic Projects Academic Year: 2023-2024 An airfoil is the 2D cross-section shape of the wing, which creates sufficient lift with minimal drag. Main types: Flat bottom airfoil Semi-Symmetric airfoil Symmetrical airfoil Flat bottomed Semi-symmetrical AUM Academic Projects Symmetrical Figure 2: some examples of airfoil types Academic Year: 2023-2024 II. TERMINOLOGY AND THEORY: The Airfoil angle of attack а relative wind leading edge max. thickness chord line AUM Academic Projects max. camber camber line upper surface lower surface trailing edge Figure 3: Overview of the basic airfoil terminology An airfoil is a 2D shape capable of producing a reactive lift force when in motion relative to the surrounding air. Most commonly known as the cross-sectional profile of an aircraft's wing, Figure 3 gives an overview of the basic airfoil terminology. Lift and Drag Figure 4 shows how the lift and drag forces are defined on an airfoil as forces perpendicular and parallel to the airflow. As the air travels over the top of the airfoil, it accelerates and consequently pressure decreases in this area. Lower pressure on the top of the airfoil than the bottom creates a suction force called lift. Lift is the force that keeps airplanes in the sky. Drag on the other hand, acts in the same direction to the airflow and is generally considered a nuisance, as for example in an airplane, extra fuel must be used to overcome the drag forces. Drag forces arise mainly from friction between the viscous fluid and the surface of the airfoil (skin friction drag) and the difference in pressure between the leading and trailing edges of the airfoil (form drag). Academic Year: 2023-2024