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Need a lab report Write paragraphs in Abstract, introduction, Safety . And follow the experiment MEMO and the experiment procedure to know what data you should calculate.
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Abstract The main purpose of this experiment is to determine residence time and trials of kinetic analysis in the presence of the catalyst. this experimental research examined the hydrolysis of methyl acetate (MA) when the catalyst and cation exchange resin was present. Catalysts are chemicals that alter the direction of a reaction to change the rate at which it occurs by decreasing the activation energy, the energy threshold that must be overcome for a chemical reaction to take place, catalysts improve the efficiency of this process. Here, the kinetics of the catalysis was also investigated in addition to the material balance on the packed bed reactor. Mass transmission within the bed, as well as heat transfer and chemical reactions, must be considered in the design of packed-bed reactors. The report includes the determination of experimental controlling parameters of packed bed such as residence time, reaction rate, the reaction rate constant, activation energy, and Arrhenius rate constant. In the first week, the calculation for the residence time is completed, to determine the residence time C curve was plotted, and in the second week, the kinetic analysis is performed. The concentration of the methyl acetate was consumed determined by the acid-base titration method at the equivalence point the titration equivalence point is the point at which the titrant concentration is just right to neutralize the analyte solution. In an acid-base titration, the equivalence point occurs when moles of base equal moles of acid and the only components of the solution are salt and water, then reaction rate was determined, to calculate the Arrhenius constant and activation energy logarithms of k versus the inverse of temperature curve was plotted. Introduction The packed bed reactors are one of the essential chemical reactors employed in industries, and they contain solid catalyst particles to start the reaction. The solid catalyst particles engage with the reactants as they move through the reactors, a catalyst is a material that enhances the speed of reaction while it is remaining unaltered subsequently. A catalyst typically alters the rate of a reaction by encouraging a new chemical pathway​[1]​. To achieve reaction rates of realistic use, catalysts make it possible for reactions to happen significantly more efficiently and facilitate the use of lower temperature settings. They accomplish it just by providing a different route for the reaction to continue that has smaller activation energy ​[2]​. An incredible example of a catalytic process is the decomposition of methyl acetate, which does not occur under environmental conditions but does so when the proper catalysis is used. The following process entails the hydrolysis of methyl acetate by such an acid, which gives acetic acid and methanol (CH3OH) ​[3]​. CH3COOCH3+H2O↔CH3OH+CH3COOH CH3COOCH3+H2O↔CH3OH+CH3COOH The hydrolysis of methyl acetate (MA) in the presence of catalyst acid-charged cation exchange resin gives a solution of methanol and acetic acid in the process, which represents the addition of too much water to the MA solution (AA) ​[4]​. The configuration of the packing composite, which is controlled by the shape, size, and density of the constituent grains, has a significant impact on the design process of packed bed-oriented industrial applications ​[5]​. Packed bed reactors (PBRs) generally are solid catalyst-filled chemical reactors in that the reagents come into contact just as they pass through the reactor. catalyst is more expensive, it can be toxic and contaminants in a chemical reaction cause a catalyst to lose effectiveness these are the main disadvantage use of a catalyst. Ordinarily, the vertical flow direction is used when the packed bed reactor is in operating to prevent bed compression and facilitate gas bubble escape​[6]​. The design and development of packed bed-oriented unit processes are significantly influenced by the packing composite's configuration, which is determined by the morphology, size, and density of the component particles [6]. Reduced temperatures and rapid reaction rates during catalysis in catalyst reactors result in less production costs. By lowering the activation energy barrier separating reactants and products, a catalyst speeds up the manufacturing of molecules that otherwise would not be made quickly enough for implementable use ​[4]​. In a research facility's isothermal packed bed reactor, the catalyst was a very acidic cationic transfer resin utilized for lab work. 2.0 Safety and hazardous All actions and procedures taken to protect people’s life, health, and physical integrity are included in the paradigm of safety. Perhaps the key characteristic of designing is necessary throughout the board is safety. Each team member must wear the appropriate protection equipment (PPEs), which includes goggles, gloves, closed-toe shoes, and long pants. In our case experiment, it is essential to always wear gloves and goggles when dealing with methyl acetate, sodium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid because MA Contact can burn and irritate the eyes, potentially resulting in irreversible damage. Methyl acetate may irritate the skin, resulting in symptoms including redness and itching. Kindly do not touch heated and hazardous material without gloves, hand gloves and goggles are used to avoid physical & chemical damage. The Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for any materials that were used explain the physical and chemical characteristics of the product. Hand gloves, eyewear, and any other protective suits should always be worn when handling heated or dangerous materials to prevent physical and chemical harm​[7]​. generally, stock HCl has a strength of about 37% or 12 mol/L, so to dilute HCL solution avoid the mistake of mixing strong HCl into water. Acid must be added to the water. If you approach it incorrectly, the initial droplets of water that mix with the concentrated acid would generate heat, evaporate, and may cause acid to spray out of the vessel and into you Stronger HCl is an extremely potent acid that will rapidly burn your epidermis upon contact, put on a lab coat, gloves, and glasses. ​[8]​. References ​​[1] “elements-of-chemical-reaction-engineering-6th-edition-by-h-scott-fogler-h-scott-fogler-z-liborg_compress”. ​[2] D. Murzin and T. Salmi, “Catalysis,” Catalytic Kinetics, pp. 27–72, 2005, DOI: 10.1016/B978-044451605-3/50002-2. ​[3] A. Çıtak and A. Kıvrak, “Determination of the Expression Rate of Ethyl Acetate Hydrolysis Reaction Depending on the Temperature,” Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, pp. 382–388, Mar. 2019, DOI: 10.21597/jist.410336. ​[4] A. Skach, B. Rowland, B. James, T. Lake, J. Seaberg, and Y. Feng, “Standard Operating Procedures Packed-Bed Reactor for Methyl Acetate Hydrolysis.” ​[5] S. Afandizadeh and E. A. Foumeny, “Design of packed bed reactors: guides to catalyst shape, size, and loading selection,” Appl Therm Eng, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 669–682, Apr. 2001, DOI: 10.1016/S1359-4311(00)00072-7. ​[6] M. Bechtold and S. Panke, “7.5 Reaction Engineering of Biotransformations,” Comprehensive Chirality, vol. 7, pp. 71–100, 2012, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-095167-6.00705-9. ​[7] “Safety Data Sheets | Free SDS Database | Chemical Safety.” https://chemicalsafety.com/sds-search/ (accessed Oct. 05, 2022). ​[8] “Hydrochloric acid - OpenWetWare.” https://openwetware.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid (accessed Oct. 05, 2022). ​ ​

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Need a lab report Write paragraphs in Abstract, introduction, Safety . And follow the experiment MEMO and the experiment procedure to know what data you should calculate.

Exercise 1. An aqueous stream F of 0.11 kg/s comprises pyridine and water in equal weights. This stream should be purified in a countercurrent extraction process (see Figure 1). The concentration of pyridine in the raffinate RN should be reduced to 5 wt% (or less). Pure benzene is to be used as solvent S. The ternary equilibrium diagram of water-pyridine-benzene is given in Figure 2. a) Calculate the minimum solvent stream, Smin b) The solvent stream Sis chosen to be 0.11 kg/s. Determine the value of flow E₁ c) d) Determine the number of equilibrium separation stages, N. Determine the size and composition of the extract leaving the second stage, E₂, 17 ke/s. (c) Nr. = 3, (d) X

1. Your Biotech Company is interested in manufacturing catalyst particles to be used (suspended) in a stirred tank reactor. The manufacturing process will generate porous, cylindrically shaped particles (i.e. with a characteristic height - h, and radius-R) - which will allow for diffusion only through the end caps (i.e. axial, NOT radial diffusion). A local pharmaceutical company requests that you immobilize an enzyme that they use in the production of an antibiotic onto the internal surface (i.e. within the pores) of the cylindrical catalyst particles. When these catalyst particles are created, it is determined that standard Michaelis. Mention kinetics are observed, where: V (mol/m² s) = Vm"[S] / Km + [S] With and Vm" = 1 mol/m² min, defined per unit of catalyst surface area Km = 10 mol/l. The catalyst particle having a density of 1.4 g/ml and 2.0 m² of internal surface area per gram of catalyst particle. The concentration of substrate in the antibiotic production process is 0.25 mol/l. The effective diffusivity of the substrate in the interior of the catalysts is 1 x 10-⁹ m²/s. There is no enzyme bound to the exterior of the particle. The radius of the particles is 8mm. The conditions in the stirred tank are such that the bulk substrate concentration is equal to the substrate concentration at the entrance to the pores (i.e. no external mass transfer resistance), and is constant over time (i.e. CSTR). a.) Develop a differential equation that represents the conservation of substrate inside the catalyst particle. List the boundary conditions. b.) Make this differential equation dimensionless, and identify the Thiele modulus (and the parameters, such as De, that make it up). c.) Solve the dimensionless differential equation, obtaining the concentration profile of substrate versus position inside the catalyst particle. Apply the boundary conditions to obtain the specific solution. d.) Determine the relationship between the effectiveness factor and the Thiele modulus for this cylindrical catalyst particle, and plot this relationship. e.) Recommend the maximum particle length to use for the antibiotic production process, that ensures that the reaction is not significantly (i.e. less than 5% reduction from the max possible reaction rate) reduced by diffusional limitations inside the particle.

12. Plot the data above (volume vs time in sec) on graph paper and draw the line-of-best-fit through the first 3 or 4 of the data points.(Graph paper given. Label axes correctly)13. From the slope (rise over run) of this line of best fit what is the initial rate of reaction in mL O2 produced per sec.14. Convert this to mol/sec using the ideal gas law.15. Convert this to rate of reaction of hydrogen peroxide reacted per sec. (Hint: This will be twice the rate of oxygen production based on the stoichiometry as two H2O2 decompose to make one O2.) 16. Convert this to concentration of hydrogen peroxide reacted per second in the reaction(Assume the reaction volume is 10 mL and the units are mol L's').

Problem 4. Activation energy Razavi, Blagodatskaya, and Kuzyakox (2015) found the maximum rate of xylanase in soil samples at different temperatures. They used a sample size of 0.5 g of soil and an enzyme concentration of 1 umol, the results are in the following table: a) Calculate the values of KCAT and the energy of activation of the reaction.

You will need the following data:R = 8.314 kPa L molK1I from the information above in KelvinV from the information above in LP in kPaNote: the units all have to be in the same form when used in calculations!!!100% H2O2 density is 1.45 g/mL5 mL of a solution containing an unknown concentration of hydrogen peroxide wasdecomposed at 25 °C releasing 48 mL of gas. The temperature of the container used to measure the volume of gas produced was 20 °C.To find BOTH the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the solution AND the percentage of hydrogen peroxide in solution work through the following steps.1.Rearrange the ideal gas law to solve for n.2. Convert the temperature of the water in the collection vessel from °C to Kelvin (K). Therefore: T =3.Convert the current barometric pressure in the room from hPa to kPa. The Macquarie university weather station data can be used to find the pressure http://aws.mq.edu.au.Use the current pressure which is given in hectopascals. Use 1018 hPa if unavailable.10 hPa = 1 kPa So divide hPa by 10 to convert to kPa.Convert the volume of oxygen from mL to Liters and solve for the number of moles ofO2. Be sure the units cancel so that you end up with only the moles of O2.

Question A2 (25 marks). The liquid phase reaction 2A → B is catalysed and follows the rate law rm = KAMCA². Here, Am is the specific area of the catalyst, and I'm is in mol-s-¹-(kg-cat)-¹. The process takes place in a packed bed reactor. a) Show that the design equation of the reactor is X= 2kAm Co 1+2kAm CAD/V Ao v where X is specified conversion, mc is the mass of catalyst in the reactor, v is feed flow rate. [9 marks] b) The catalyst slowly loses activity, due to sintering, abrasion and wash-off of the material. The sintering leads to linear drop of the specific area with time: Am = Amo(1-t/ts), where Amo is the initial specific area and ts is the characteristic time of the sintering process. The abrasion leads to a decrease of the mass of the catalyst, and is also linear with time: mc = moc(1-t/ta). By specification, the catalyst in the reactor has to be changed once its activity drops to 75% of its initial value. Find how often that is (i.e. design the schedule of catalyst refilling - the period to.75 between two changes). [8 marks] c) Since the reaction is 2nd order (i.e. the rate depends strongly on the concentration), an easy way to compensate for the loss of catalytic activity is by increasing the feed concentration of A with time. In order to stabilize the operation of the separation stages that follow the reactor, it is required that the conversion X is kept constant despite the loss of catalytic activity, by compensating the drop in mc and Am via a scheduled increase in the concentration CAO. Find what the schedule Cao(t) should be in order for X to remain constant. If CAO(t=0) = 0.5 M, what will CAO(t = to.75) be right before the change of catalyst? [8 marks]